KANAMYCIN
Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation.
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Name: KANAMYCIN
Class: Antibiotic (Aminoglycoside)
Risk Factor: D
Fetal Risk Summary
Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. At term, the drug was detectable in cord serum 15 minutes after a 500-mg IM maternal dose (1). Mean cord serum levels at 3–6 hours were 6 µg/mL. Amniotic fluid levels were undetectable during the first hour, then rose during the next 6 hours to a mean value of 5.5 µg/mL. No effects on the infants were mentioned.
Eighth cranial nerve damage has been reported following in utero exposure to kanamycin (2,3). In a retrospective survey of 391 mothers who had received kanamycin, 50 mg/kg, for prolonged periods during pregnancy, 9 (2.3%) children were found to have hearing loss (2). Complete hearing loss in a mother and her infant was reported after the mother had been treated during pregnancy with kanamycin, 1 g/day IM for 4.5 days (3). Ethacrynic acid, an ototoxic diuretic, was also given to the mother during pregnancy.
Except for ototoxicity, no reports of congenital defects due to kanamycin have been located. Embryos were examined from five patients who aborted during the 11th–12th week of pregnancy and who had been treated with kanamycin during the 6th and 8th weeks (2). No abnormalities in the embryos were found.
Breast Feeding Summary
Kanamycin is excreted in breast milk. Milk:plasma ratios of 0.05–0.40 have been reported (4). A 1-g IM dose produced peak milk levels of 18.4 µg/mL (5). No effects were reported in the nursing infants. Because oral absorption of kanamycin is poor, ototoxicity would not be expected. However, three potential problems exist for the nursing infant: modification of bowel flora, direct effects on the infant, and interference with the interpretation of culture results if a fever workup is required. The American Academy of Pediatrics considers kanamycin to be compatible with breast feeding (6).
References
- Good R, Johnson G. The placental transfer of kanamycin during late pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1971;38:60–2.
- Nishimura H, Tanimura T. Clinical Aspects of The Teratogenicity of Drugs. New York, NY:American Elsevier, 1976:131.
- Jones HC. Intrauterine ototoxicity. A case report and review of literature. J Natl Med Assoc 1973;65:201–3.
- Wilson JT. Milk/plasma ratios and contraindicated drugs. In Wilson JT, ed. Drugs in Breast Milk. Balgowlah, Australia:ADIS Press, 1981:79.
- O'Brien T. Excretion of drugs in human milk. Am J Hosp Pharm 1974;31:844–54.
- Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 1994;93:137–50.
Q&A about Kanamycin
Can someone please fill me up on Kanamycin waste water treatment?
I am interested in knowing what happens to the waste water containing Kanamycin or other similar antibiotics. Please throw some lights!
Thanks a lot in advance
I am interested in knowing what happens to the waste water containing Kanamycin or other similar antibiotics. Please throw some lights!
Thanks a lot in advance
I'm not sure what you mean.
All kinds of drugs are excreted by the kidneys ... that means they end up in the toilet. This water is sent to the sewage treatment plants with all the other toilet water.
Concentrated solutions, as might be found in a research lab or drug manufacturing plant, would probably be treated as hazardous waste and detoxified or incinerated.
If the waste water is run off from a farm where animals have been fed the antibiotic, then the disposal will be by the local rules governing disposal of agricultural animal wastes.
BTW: in WWII, penicillin was so valuable and rare that the urine of US soldiers treated with it was collected so that the drug could be repurified from the urine, and then reused.
Also BTW: one reason that public health authorities worry about overuse of antibiotics is that as they pass from the animals and people who were treated out into the environment, the drugs remain active and help bacteria to evolve antibiotic resistance.
All kinds of drugs are excreted by the kidneys ... that means they end up in the toilet. This water is sent to the sewage treatment plants with all the other toilet water.
Concentrated solutions, as might be found in a research lab or drug manufacturing plant, would probably be treated as hazardous waste and detoxified or incinerated.
If the waste water is run off from a farm where animals have been fed the antibiotic, then the disposal will be by the local rules governing disposal of agricultural animal wastes.
BTW: in WWII, penicillin was so valuable and rare that the urine of US soldiers treated with it was collected so that the drug could be repurified from the urine, and then reused.
Also BTW: one reason that public health authorities worry about overuse of antibiotics is that as they pass from the animals and people who were treated out into the environment, the drugs remain active and help bacteria to evolve antibiotic resistance.
what is kanamycin and what is its effects on arabidopsis thaliana?
Kanamycin is an antiobiotic. It inhibits proper function of the 30S subunit of the ribosome.
Why do fewer bacertia colonies grow on a kanamycin plate than on a plate containing ampicillin?
It's for my bacterial genetics lab. :(
It's for my bacterial genetics lab. :(
This would imply that the bacteria that you are growing are more resistant to ampicillin than to kanamycin. You have not given the bacteria you're using or if they have been transformed, but antibiotic resistance is genetic. Ampicillin resistant bacteria are commonly used in labs with the bacteria containing a plasmid which encodes for ampicilln resistance. This gene will produce beta-lactamase.
Want to know the method to calculate the amount of Kanamycin base from the amount of Kanamycin sulphate inj?
Give him a pill/
Question about selectable markers - what do hygromycin, ampicillin, basta, and kanamycin do?
What specifically (I know that they make them less viable/and even dead in some cases) do these agents do to plants that aren't resistant to them (by having the selectable marker)? In other words, how do they work on the organism? They each do something different, does anybody know what each/any does?
What specifically (I know that they make them less viable/and even dead in some cases) do these agents do to plants that aren't resistant to them (by having the selectable marker)? In other words, how do they work on the organism? They each do something different, does anybody know what each/any does?
Hygromycin B is an aminoglycosidic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells transfected with the hygromycin resistance gene, hph. Hygromycin B kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. The resistance gene codes for a kinase (Hygromycin phosphotransferase, HPT) that inactivates Hygromycin B through phosphorylation. Cloning of the resistance gene and fusion with eukaryotic promoters has resulted in the development of vectors that permit selection for resistance to Hygromycin B in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Ampicillin is one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics. It is considered a penicillin and is a close relative of another penicillin, amoxicillin. Unlike penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin can penetrate and prevent the growth of certain types of bacteria, called gram-negative bacteria.
Ampicillin differs from penicillin only by the presence of an amino group. The amino group helps the drug penetrate the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis, which ultimately leads to cell lysis.
Kanamycin works by affecting 30S ribosomal subunit and causing a frame-shift or it prevents the translation of RNA. This means that instead of a codon CAT (for example in sequence CATG), a codon ATG is read by aminoacyl tRNA (aa-tRNA). Aminoacyl tRNA is consequently carrying a different amino acid, because the anticodon on the aa-tRNA is different. The protein needed cannot be synthesised - a completely different protein is synthesised or a protein similar to the one needed, but not folded correctly; it depends of the site and severness of the frame-shift. A bacterium is destroyed because it cannot produce any of its proteins correctly.
Hope this info helps; I don't find anything for "basta" that looks like it relates in any way to the rest of the question....
Ampicillin is one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics. It is considered a penicillin and is a close relative of another penicillin, amoxicillin. Unlike penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin can penetrate and prevent the growth of certain types of bacteria, called gram-negative bacteria.
Ampicillin differs from penicillin only by the presence of an amino group. The amino group helps the drug penetrate the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis, which ultimately leads to cell lysis.
Kanamycin works by affecting 30S ribosomal subunit and causing a frame-shift or it prevents the translation of RNA. This means that instead of a codon CAT (for example in sequence CATG), a codon ATG is read by aminoacyl tRNA (aa-tRNA). Aminoacyl tRNA is consequently carrying a different amino acid, because the anticodon on the aa-tRNA is different. The protein needed cannot be synthesised - a completely different protein is synthesised or a protein similar to the one needed, but not folded correctly; it depends of the site and severness of the frame-shift. A bacterium is destroyed because it cannot produce any of its proteins correctly.
Hope this info helps; I don't find anything for "basta" that looks like it relates in any way to the rest of the question....
what is the specific mode of action and the target microorganism of kanamycin, polymyxin and streptomycin?
Streptomycin stops bacterial growth by damaging cell membranes and inhibiting protein synthesis. (Tuberculosis)
Polymyxin works by damaging the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. (namely Psuedomonas, but generally gram-negative bacteria)
Kanamycin affects the 30S ribosomal unit of bacteria and therefore prevents the translation of RNA. (General anti-bacterial)
Polymyxin works by damaging the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. (namely Psuedomonas, but generally gram-negative bacteria)
Kanamycin affects the 30S ribosomal unit of bacteria and therefore prevents the translation of RNA. (General anti-bacterial)
ampicillin and kanamycin?
how does ampicillin kill bacteria and how does kanamycin kill bacteria?
how does ampicillin kill bacteria and how does kanamycin kill bacteria?
Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, so while it certainly primes a bacteria for death, it is technically only bacteriostatic - preventing the bacteria from replicating. Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside. These drugs bind to the 30s subunit of bacteria ribosomes. Ribosomes are resposible for producing proteins using the cell's mRNA as a blueprint. As the protein is created, it must shift out of the ribosome to make room for the next amino acid in the chain. Aminoglycosides prevent this movement, and protein production is stalled or altered so that proteins are either no longer produced, or produced severely malformed. This is a bacteriocidal event - the bacteria dies.
How do I get Agrobacteria to grow?
They are on an old plate (about a year or a little older) and contain a plasmid with kanamycin resistance. They don't seem to want to grow in LB or when spread on a fresh kan plate.
They are on an old plate (about a year or a little older) and contain a plasmid with kanamycin resistance. They don't seem to want to grow in LB or when spread on a fresh kan plate.
Try it in milk, or failing that ask an Agrobacteriaist.
What kinds of bacteria do these treat and which one would be the most effective + which is least effective?
Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Naldixic Acid, Nitrofuranton, Triple Sulfa, Kanamycin. In what order would they be the most effective to the least effective in treating bacterias? Also what kind of bacteria does each one treat?
Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Naldixic Acid, Nitrofuranton, Triple Sulfa, Kanamycin. In what order would they be the most effective to the least effective in treating bacterias? Also what kind of bacteria does each one treat?
Almost all are broad spectrum, some treat certain groups of bacteriae better than others, as for the type.......myriad.
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How many mL will you prepare for the correct dose?
Order: kanamycin sulfate, 150 mg IM q6h
Available: a vial containing 500 mg of kanamycin powder; you will add 4.2mL of sterile water, yielding a solution of 100mg = 1mL.
How many mL will you prepare for the correct dose?
Order: kanamycin sulfate, 150 mg IM q6h
Available: a vial containing 500 mg of kanamycin powder; you will add 4.2mL of sterile water, yielding a solution of 100mg = 1mL.
How many mL will you prepare for the correct dose?
Formula: Stock desired over stock on hand x volume.
Given: SD=150 mg
SH= 100 mg
Volume: 1 ml
= 150 mg / 100 mg X 1 ml
= 1.5 ml
The dose to be administered will be 1.5 ml q6h.
Given: SD=150 mg
SH= 100 mg
Volume: 1 ml
= 150 mg / 100 mg X 1 ml
= 1.5 ml
The dose to be administered will be 1.5 ml q6h.