EPHEDRINE
Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation.|
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Name: EPHEDRINE
Class: Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic)
Risk Factor: C
Fetal Risk Summary
Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic used widely for bronchial asthma, allergic disorders, hypotension, and the alleviation of symptoms caused by upper respiratory infections. It is a common component of proprietary mixtures containing antihistamines, bronchodilators, and other ingredients. Thus it is difficult to separate the effects of ephedrine on the fetus from other drugs, disease states and viruses. Ephedrine-like drugs are teratogenic in some animal species, but human teratogenicity has not been suspected (1,2).
The Collaborative Perinatal Project monitored 50,282 mother-child pairs, 373 of whom had 1st trimester exposure to ephedrine (3, pp. 34556). For use anytime during pregnancy, 873 exposures were recorded (3, p. 439). No evidence for a relationship to large categories of major or minor malformations or to individual defects was found. However, an association in the 1st trimester was found between the sympathomimetic class of drugs as a whole and minor malformations (not life-threatening or major cosmetic defects), inguinal hernia, and clubfoot (3, pp. 34556).
Ephedrine is routinely used to treat or prevent maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia (4,5,6 and 7). Significant increases in fetal heart rate and beat-to-beat variability may occur, but these effects may have been the result of normal reflexes following hypotension-associated bradycardias. A recent study, however, has demonstrated the placental passage of ephedrine with fetal levels at delivery approximately 70% of the maternal concentration (8). The presence of ephedrine in the fetal circulation is probably a major cause of the fetal heart rate changes.
Breast Feeding Summary
A single case report has been located describing adverse effects in a 3-month-old nursing infant of a mother consuming a long-acting preparation containing 120 mg of d-isoephedrine and 6 mg of dexbrompheniramine (9). The mother had begun taking the preparation on a twice-daily schedule 1 or 2 days prior to onset of the infant's symptoms. The infant exhibited irritability, excessive crying, and disturbed sleeping patterns that resolved spontaneously within 12 hours when breast feeding was stopped.
References
- Nishimura H, Tanimura T. Clinical Aspects of The Teratogenicity of Drugs. New York, NY:American Elsevier, 1976:231.
- Shepard TH. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980:1345.
- Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA:Publishing Sciences Group, 1977.
- Wright RG, Shnider SM, Levinson G, Rolbin SH, Parer JT. The effect of maternal administration of ephedrine on fetal heart rate and variability. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:7348.
- Antoine C, Young BK. Fetal lactic acidosis with epidural anesthesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;142:559.
- Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56:6870.
- Antoine C, Young BK. Fetal lactic acidosis with epidural anesthesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;142:559.
- Hughes SC, Ward MG, Levinson G, Shnider SM, Wright RG, Gruenke LD, Craig JC. Placental transfer of ephedrine does not affect neonatal outcome. Anesthesiology 1985;63:2179.
- Mortimer EA Jr. Drug toxicity from breast milk? Pediatrics 1977;60:7801.
Q&A about Ephedrine
I know that ephedrine is very similar in structure to methamphetamine, are the effects on the body similar as well? If not, what kind of effects does it have on a body? What is the legal status of ephedrine in the USA?
Read more on the FDA website:
http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ephedr...
I mean medicinal usage of ephedrine (12.5 mg) and recreational usage of alcohol (2 to 3 oz).
when they took all the products off the market that contained ephedra, the ephedrine products were left alone. why?
Ephedrine is the active constituent of ephedra.
In a 50 mg dose of ephedra you're getting 0.5 mg of ephedrine. But certain products that isolate and boost ephedrine (as most of the weight-loss products do) may contain as much as 20 mg of ephedrine - 40 times the amount that you get in the natural herb.
So when you hear about athletes, for instance, who have died while taking ephedra, you can be just about certain that they weren't taking a 50 mg dose of ephedra, but a boosted ephedrine product that can be dangerous when not taken as directed.
Nevertheless, ephedra is blamed for these deaths, and now this herb is about to be banned for the sins of its hyped-up cousin, which in most of the fatal cases was used recklessly.
I have been taking it for roughly 3-4 months, I use it as the fat burning stack, 25mg w/aspririn and caffeine. I have never felt dizzy, lightheaded, rapid heart beat, when using it. When not using it, as I usually do not use on a non-workout day, I do not get headaches, or the shakes, or any of the usual withdrawls.
Is it possible that the people who died overused and abused? Is it possible that if they had followed the directions on the bottle they would still be alive?
It is a proven fact that people who play violent video games tend to be more violent, so why not ban video games?
It is proven that smoking causes cancer, so why not ban cigarettes?
Shouldn't more studies have been done on ephedrine before the ban?
24 count box was taken@ 25 mg ephedrine HCI tablets. Urinalysis was taken 15 hours later. They asked if I was taking any other medication and Sudafed 12 hour tablets were substituted as a lie. Will the results somewhat match the story given?
I purchased vasopro ephedrine online and was wondering how i can tell if its working? I get the jitters and I can't eat but I thought it was supposed to increase your temp and I dont feel any hotter? I am only trying to lose a few extra kilos as I have hit a plateau.. I have already lost 35kgs over a two year period, just eating healthy and going to the gym but am finding it hard to strip off those last few. Any advice?
The harmful effects of nicotine on the human heart are well documented. How does ephedrine use compare?
I just had child#2 and find myself needing some extra energy (and losing weight would be a plus). Coffee and caffeine really do not do much for me, and illegal drugs are out of the question : ) . I used to take Xenadrine with Ephedrine several years ago when I waitresses but now it has been banned. Is there anything that would help me out with this? I've tried the new Xenadrine and it doesn't have the same effect. Thanks!
I know ephedra/ephedrine is illegal to sell as a diet supplement, but still many stores, both on and off shore sell it as such. Would it be illegal for me to buy it, for personal use only, or to use it?
With all the possible bad side effects, sudden cardiac arrest being the most dangerous, why would you want to do something that stupid?