EPINEPHRINE
Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation.
"Official medicines" is the best online drugstore.World’s leading meds delivered to your door – and you don’t even need a prescription! Only certified, first class drugs on offer! Buy more and spend less with our great discount system. |
Name: EPINEPHRINE
Class: Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic)
Risk Factor: C
Fetal Risk Summary
Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic that is widely used for conditions such as shock, glaucoma, allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, and nasal congestion. Because it occurs naturally in all humans, it is difficult to separate the effects of its administration from effects on the fetus induced by endogenous epinephrine, other drugs, disease states, and viruses.
The drug readily crosses the placenta (1). Epinephrine is teratogenic in some animal species, but human teratogenicity has not been suspected (2,3). The Collaborative Perinatal Project monitored 50,282 mother-child pairs, 189 of whom had 1st trimester exposure to epinephrine (4, pp. 345–56). For use anytime during pregnancy, 508 exposures were recorded (4, p. 439). A statistically significant association was found between 1st trimester use of epinephrine and major and minor malformations. An association was also found with inguinal hernia after both 1st trimester and anytime use (4, pp. 477, 492). Although not specified, these data may reflect the potentially severe maternal status for which epinephrine administration is indicated.
In a surveillance study of Michigan Medicaid recipients involving 229,101 completed pregnancies conducted between 1985 and 1992, 35 newborns had been exposed to epinephrine (route not specified) during the 1st trimester (F. Rosa, personal communication, FDA, 1993). No major birth defects were observed (1.5 expected).
Theoretically, epinephrine's a-adrenergic properties might lead to a decreased in uterine blood flow. A large intravenous dose of epinephrine, 1.5 mL of a 1:1000 solution during a 1-hour period to reverse severe hypotension secondary to an allergic reaction, may have contributed to intrauterine anoxic insult to a 28-week-old fetus (5). Decreased fetal movements occurred after treatment and the infant, delivered at 34 weeks' gestation, had evidence of intracranial hemorrhage at birth and died 4 days later. Thus, in situations such as maternal hypotension where a pressor agent is required, use of ephedrine may be a better choice.
Breast Feeding Summary
No data are available.
"Official medicines" is the best online drugstore.World’s leading meds delivered to your door – and you don’t even need a prescription! Only certified, first class drugs on offer! Buy more and spend less with our great discount system. |
References
- Morgan CD, Sandler M, Panigel M. Placental transfer of catecholamines in vitro and in vivo. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972;112:1068–75.
- Nishimura H, Tanimura T. Clinical Aspects of The Teratogenicity of Drugs. New York, NY:American Elsevier, 1976:231.
- Shepard TH. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980:134–5.
- Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA:Publishing Sciences Group, 1977.
- Entman SS, Moise KJ. Anaphylaxis in pregnancy. S Med J 1984;77:402.
Q&A about Epinephrine
Will epinephrine make me more aggressive?
Like, say for example that I am really timid in football. If I take epinephrine will it just make me go crazy and be relentless?
Thanks.
I wouldn't use it for sports.
Use visualization. See yourself in your imagination, from OUTSIDE yourself. See yourself playing sports. Now, see yourself being stronger & more aggressive, when it's necessary. See yourself being applauded by your teammates & your coach yelling, "Great!" at you.
That's better than weird drugs.
Describe the action of aldosterone, epinephrine and erythropoetin on blood pressure. Can you include which of the 4 regulators of blood pressure are effected by each of these and what happens to blood pressure (up or down)? You will get 11points if you can do all of these things!
Aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body. This helps control blood pressure and the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the blood.
The kidney hormone renin normally stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone. High levels of both renin and aldosterone are normally present when the body is trying to conserve fluid and salt (sodium). When a tumor is present, an aldosterone level will be high while a renin level will be low. Usually a renin activity test is done when the aldosterone level is measured.
Other important functions of the kidneys include blood pressure regulation, and the production of erythropoietin, which controls red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
Urinary system parts and their functions:
two kidneys - a pair of purplish-brown organs located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to:
remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine.
keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood.
produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells.
epinephrine
When secreted into the bloodstream, it rapidly prepares the body for action in emergency situations. The hormone boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, while suppressing other non-emergency bodily processes (digestion in particular).
It increases heart rate and stroke volume, dilates the pupils, and constricts arterioles in the skin and gut while dilating arterioles in skeletal muscles. It elevates the blood sugar level by increasing catalysis of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and at the same time begins the breakdown of lipids in fat cells. Like some other stress hormones, epinephrine has a suppressive effect on the immune system.[5]
Although epinephrine does not have any psychoactive effects, stress or arousal also releases norepinephrine in the brain. Norepinephrine has similar actions in the body, but is also psychoactive
I read that more Nor epinephrine produces more fatty acids and that's just what I need on my scalp.
Is there a product to do this?
Norepinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter and is the precursor of the hormone epinephrine, commonly known as adrenalin. It is released from the medulla of the adrenal glands as a hormone into the blood, but it is also a neurotransmitter in the nervous system where it is released from noradrenergic neurons during synaptic transmission. As a stress hormone, it affects parts of the human brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. Along with epinephrine, this compound affects the fight-or-flight response, activating the sympathetic nervous system to directly increase heart rate, release energy from glucose and glycogen, and increase muscle readiness.
When you are having an allergic reaction or extreme itching after a sunburn or rash, how does epinephrine work to stop it?
I read that Epinephrine can affect results of bilirubin test -- how long does it take the body to rid itself of epinephrine - so test will not be affected?
If you are wondering whether being anxious about the test, and that the adrenaline you make may affect the test - no, it doesn't.
I work some of the time in a critical care unit, where we frequently have to run in an infusion of epinephrine and similar drugs, to support heart rate and blood pressure. I have never come across a problem.
Hope this helps.
My textbook vaguely says that epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) are hormones by the adrenal medulla that has similar effects (i.e. increase heart rate....)
But I'm wondering if anyone know the difference between the two. They can't be exactly the same...
Appreciate your response.
But for sure and for more info...check the links :)
Is albuterol and epinephrine the same thing? I know people abuse epinephrine to lose weight or get a speed like effect, but is it the same as albuterol, if not why do people abuse albuterol then?
i have extremely bad allergies. I have to travel with an emergency epinephrine pen most places I go. I plan on traveling by plane a few times next year. I have not flown since before 9/11. I know there are "lots" of things you are not allowed to bring with you now. Am I allowed to have this with me-- if not, what can I do? Do airlplanes first aid kits have this?
I am trying to find out what animal products/by-products are obtained by killing the animal, and what animal products/by-products are obtained without killing them. (i.e. The hormone, adrenaline/epinephrine, is from the adrenal glands of hogs, cattle and sheep) How is it obtained? I would like to find out the same thing for other products, too. Thank you!
However, they are by no means cruelty free because milk requires the cow be pregnant, and her baby is taken away; egg-laying hens are treated abysmally; and sheep shearers are paid by the sheep, so they have no incentive to be gentle. There are other cruelties associated with these items, which I won't go into now. And when an animal's production declines, she is killed. Dairy cows typically become hamburger. Egg-laying hens, whose bodies are battered after a couple years in the battery cage, are used for low-quality nuggets and potpies.
I would wager that hormone products require the death of the animal and are dangerous to boot.
